Data Communication and Networking (for my IT students ) NOTE: You can request for my lecture hand-outs. Just post your name, email add, and the purpose why you want to have the complete lecture notes (from the beginning up to the end) in the comment box below the page, The conveyance of information from a source to a destination. Data means the symbolic representation of information, generally in a digital (that is, discrete) form. (Analog information refers to information encoded according to a continuous physical parameter, such as the height or amplitude of a waveform, while digital information is encoded into a discrete set of some parameter.) Usually, this digital information is composed of a sequence of binary digits (ones and zeros), called bits. The binary system is used because its simplicity is universally recognizable and because digital data have greater immunity to so-called noise than analog information and allow flexible processing of the information. Groups of eigh